Nanoparticle of a Spin Transition Compound

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a material composed of nanoparticles essentially comprising a spin transition compound. 
     The compound corresponds to the formula [(Fe 1-y M y L 3 ) w L 3 ][X 2/x(1-z/x′) Y 2z/x′ ] w  in which L represents a 1,2,4-triazole ligand carrying an R substituent on the nitrogen in the 4 position; X is an anion having the valency x, 1≦x≦2; Y is an anion other than X having the valency x′, 1≦x′≦2; R is an alkyl group or an R 1 R 2 N— group in which R 1  and R 2  represent, each independently of the other, H or an alkyl radical; M is a metal having a 3d 4 , 3d 5 , 3d 6  or 3d 7  configuration, other than Fe; 0≦y≦1; 0≦z≦2; 3≦w≦1500. 
     Applications: thermochromic pigment, data storage, optical limiters, contrast agent.

The present invention relates to a material composed of particles having nanometric dimensions essentially comprising a spin transition compound, to a process for the preparation of said material and to various applications of the material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known to use compounds which exhibit a spin transition for various applications, in particular for information storage. Such compounds can in particular be coordination complexes comprising one or more metal centers having a 3d⁴, 3d⁶ or 3d⁷ configuration, one or more nitrogenous ligands and one or more anions, such as described, for example, in EP-0 543 465, EP-0 666 561, EP-0 745 986 and EP-0 842 988.

EP-0 543 465 describes a process for the preparation of spin transition compounds and the use for information storage. The process consists in bringing together, on the one hand, the ligand and, on the other hand, an iron salt in an acid solution, in allowing to react, in order to obtain a precipitate, and in recovering the precipitate in the powder form. For the use for data storage, the complex obtained is reduced beforehand to a powder in order to be deposited on a support by various methods. The compounds mentioned correspond to one of the following formulae:

-   -   FeL₃(NO₃)₂ in which L is a ligand of the 1,2,4-triazole or         4-amino-1,2,4-triazole type, in combination with the NO₃ ⁻         anion;     -   Fe(ATP)_(2,5)Cl₂, in which the ATP ligand is         4-amino-1,2,4-triazole in combination with Fe(II) and with Cl⁻;     -   Fe(TP)₂Cl₂ in which the TP ligand is 1,2,4-triazole, in         combination with Cl⁻;     -   [Fe(2-aminomethylpyridine)₃]Cl₂EtOH, EtOH being ethanol;     -   [Fe(1,10-phenanthroline)₂](NCS)₂;     -   [Fe(1-propyltetrazole) 6](BF₄)₂;     -   complexes of a metal M in combination with a mixture of several         ligands (chosen from R-Trz, amines NL₂ and triazolates Trz-, M         being Fe(II), Fe(III) or Co(II), R-Trz being a triazole carrying         an R substituent, R and L being an alkyl or H) and with an anion         chosen from BF₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CO₃ ²⁻, Br⁻ and Cl⁻, the complex         additionally comprising a defined amount of water.

With the exception of [Fe(1,10-phenanthroline)₂(NCS)₂], all these complexes are pink in color in the low spin (LS) state and white in the high spin (HS) state. The transition is brought about by heating or cooling and takes place between −20° C. and 100° C. They exhibit a phenomenon of hysteresis which can range from a few degrees to a few tens of degrees.

EP-0 666 561 describes spin transition compounds which correspond to the formula Fe(II)(H-Trz)₃(X)₂ in which Trz is 1,2,4-triazole and (X)₂ represents the anion (BF₄ ⁻)₂, (ClO₄ ⁻)₂, (Br⁻)₂, (Cl⁻)₂ or (CO₃ ²⁻). These compounds exhibit two crystalline phases, each having spin transitions associated with a change in color (white/pink) and for which the temperatures T_(1/2↓) and T_(1/2↑) are respectively less than and greater than ambient temperature. The preparation process is analogous to that described in EP-0 543 465 above.

EP-0 745 986 describes compounds corresponding to a formula analogous to that of the compounds of EP-0 543 465, in which M is a metal ion of d⁵, d⁶ or d⁷ configuration, the ligand is a dialkylaminotriazole and the anion comprises a sulfitoaryl, sulfitoalkyl, sulfitoaryl halide or sulfitoalkyl halide group. These specific compounds have a hysteresis amplitude of greater than 70° C. and a region of bistability centered exactly around ambient temperature. Said compounds are pink in the LS state and white in the HS state. The process for the preparation of the compounds, described very briefly, is analogous to that described in EP-0 543 465 above.

EP-0 842 988 describes spin transition chemical compounds and their use in display devices where a temperature threshold is exceeded. The compounds are formed by a network composed of molecules each formed by a metal-ligand complex and by an anion, and they comprise at least one water molecule bonded to the ligand via a hydrogen bond. The metal is chosen from those which have a d⁴, d⁵, d⁶ or d⁷ configuration. The ligand is 1,2,4-triazole carrying an R substituent comprising an OH group. The anions are nitrate and tosylate derivatives. The compounds corresponding to this definition have a temperature T_(1/2↑) of between 80 and 95° C. and a T_(1/2↓) of −170° C. They can be used in particular in devices intended to detect an accidentally high (of the order of 80° C.) storage temperature in storage buildings or transportation vehicles. The compounds are prepared by mixing a precursor of the metal center and a precursor of the ligand, at ambient temperature, and by removing the solvent by filtration after a precipitate has been obtained. The compound is obtained in the pulverulent form.

The compounds obtained according to the prior art above are of micrometric size and have to be ground in order to be usable as thermochromic pigments in polymer films having a micrometric thickness or as data carrier in Microsystems, the carriers having to remain transparent.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The aim of the present invention is to provide a process for the direct production of nanoparticles formed of complexes of iron, of a triazole ligand and of at least one anion.

The subject matter of the present invention is consequently a material in the form of nanoparticles formed of complexes, a process for the production of said material and applications of said material.

The material according to the present invention is composed of nanometric particles essentially comprising a compound corresponding to the formula:

[(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w)  (I)

in which:

-   -   L represents a 1,2,4-triazole ligand carrying an R substituent         on the nitrogen in the 4 position;     -   X is an anion having the valency x, 1≦x≦2;     -   Y is an anion other than X having the valency x′, 1≦x′≦2;     -   R is an alkyl group or an R¹R²N— group in which R¹ and R²         represent, each independently of the other, H or an alkyl         radical;     -   M is a metal having a 3d⁴, 3d⁵, 3d⁶ or 3d⁷ configuration, other         than Fe;     -   0≦y≦1;     -   0≦z≦2;     -   3≦w≦1500.

In the continuation of the text, the ligand “1,2,4-triazole carrying an R substituent on the nitrogen in the 4 position” is denoted without distinction by L or by R-Trz.

The term “nanometric” particles is understood to mean particles which have a mean diameter between 1 nm and 500 nm, more particularly between 1 and 100 nm. When w is respectively 3, 300 or 1500, the mean size of the particles is respectively approximately 1 nm, 100 nm or 500 nm.

A compound which corresponds to the above definition is capable of reversibly changing spin state when heated or when cooled, with a changing color associated with each change in spin.

When an R substituent is an alkyl group, it is preferably chosen from alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more particularly from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. When an R substituent is an R¹R²N— group, R¹ and R² represent, independently of one another, preferably H or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more particularly from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Each of the anions X and Y can be a monovalent anion or a divalent anion. The monovalent anion is chosen from BF₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻. The divalent anion is preferably chosen from SO₄ ²⁻ and CO₃ ²⁻. The choice of the anions makes it possible to control the spin transition (in particular the abrupt nature, the presence of hysteresis and the position of the transition).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are TEM images of the [Fe(NH₂Trz)₃](Br)₂ complex nanoparticles of Example 1 a very uniform structuring of the nanoparticles in the spherical form.

FIG. 3 is a TEM image of a polymer doped with nanometric particles of Example 1 demonstrating the transparency.

FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the spin transition particles synthesized by the process of the prior art do not have uniform structuring.

FIG. 6 shows the opaqueness generated by the introduction of micrometric particles of the prior art (even in small proportions) into a structuring polymer (of PVA type) which is originally transparent.

FIG. 7 shows the change in the signal for reflectivity R as a function of the temperature T for the complex of Example 5 (curve b) and for the material with the same formula obtained by conventional synthesis (curve a).

FIG. 8 shows the change in the reflectivity R as a function of the temperature T for the derivative Fe(NH₂Trz)₃(NO₃)₂ synthesized by the conventional route (a), by the reverse micelle route (b) (test No. 2 in table 1) and by the reverse micelle route with silica coating (c).

FIG. 9 is a TEM image of a silica coating around a spin transition nanoparticle.

FIGS. 10 a, 10 b, and 10 c show the change in the magnetic signal, expressed as product χ_(M)T, respectively for samples 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) of Example 7. The molar magnetic susceptibility χ_(M), in cm³mol⁻¹, multiplied by the temperature T in degrees K, is given on the ordinate and the temperature T in degrees K is given on the abscissa, for the materials for which w=3, 5 and 7.

FIGS. 11 a, 11 b, and 11 c illustrates the expanded formula of each of the materials constituting the samples 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) of Example 7.

This silica shell, with a size of a few nanometers, is reflected by a diffuse coating around the particle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In a specific embodiment, y=0 and z=0, and the material constituting the nanoparticles corresponds to the formula [(FeL₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x))]_(w).

In another embodiment, y≠0 and z=0. M then acts as doping agent for the spin transition phenomenon of the compound [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x)]_(w). An increase in y reduces the abrupt nature of the transition and the intensity of the pink color corresponding to the low spin state. Mention may be made, as an example of metal M, of the zinc(II), manganese(II) nickel(II), and cobalt(II) ions.

In a specific embodiment, z≠0. The choice of the anions X and Y makes it possible to adjust the spin transition temperature and to vary the abrupt nature of the spin transition. Mention may be made, as an example of mixture of anions, of the BF₄ and NO₃ pair, the Br and NO₃ pair, or the Cl and NO₃ pair.

In another embodiment, the complex nanoparticles are coated with a silica film.

The characteristics indicated for the various embodiments can, of course, exist alone in a material or in the form of a combination of at least two of them.

The material proposed is obtained from a solution of Fe(II) salt and optionally of a precursor of the metal M in a solvent or a mixture of solvents and from a solution of ligand R-Trz in a solvent or a mixture of solvents.

In a first embodiment, the preparation is carried out by a reverse micelle synthesis. The process comprises the following stages:

-   a) preparation of an emulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition,     with vigorous stirring, of a composition of oil possessing     surfactant properties type to an aqueous solution of at least one     iron salt comprising ascorbic acid; -   b) preparation of an emulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition,     with vigorous stirring, of a composition of oil possessing     surfactant properties type to an aqueous solution of a ligand; -   c) mixing the two emulsions, followed by further vigorous stirring,     for a time of 1 to 10 min; -   d) precipitation of the nanoparticles by addition of a solvent which     does not modify the structure of the nanoparticles and which     denatures the emulsion, for example ethyl ether; -   e) extraction of the precipitate by several “washing with said     solvent/centrifuging” cycles, followed by evaporation of said     solvent.

The composition of the oil possessing surfactant properties type can be either a composition obtained by addition of a surfactant to an oil or a single product having both surfactant properties and oil properties (such as the products sold under the names Lauropal®, Tergitol® or Ifralan®).

The size of the particles formed can be controlled in particular by the choice of the reaction temperature and/or of the duration of contacting of the two microemulsions prepared respectively during stages a) and b). All things otherwise being equal, an increase in the duration and/or in the temperature promotes an increase in the size of the final particles.

In another embodiment, the preparation is carried out by a microemulsion synthesis. The process comprises the following stages:

-   a. preparation of a microemulsion of the water-in-oil type by     addition of an aqueous solution of at least one iron salt to a     solution of a surfactant in an oil (n-heptane, for example) and     subjecting to ultrasound until a clear solution is obtained; -   b. preparation of a microemulsion of the water-in-oil type by     addition of an aqueous solution of ligand to a solution of a     surfactant in an oil and subjecting to ultrasound until a clear     solution is obtained; -   c. mixing the two microemulsions and treating the mixture with     ultrasound until a clear solution is obtained; -   d. precipitation of the nanoparticles by addition of a solvent which     does not modify the structure of the nanoparticles but which     denatures the emulsion, for example ethanol.

The proportions of solvent, of surfactant and of oil which are required in order to obtain a microemulsion are determined from the phase diagram of the ternary mixture. The ternary phase diagram is available in the literature for numerous solvent/oil/surfactant combinations. The determination of a specific ternary diagram is within the scope of a person skilled in the art.

In the two embodiments of the preparation of the materials of the invention:

-   -   when y≠0 and z=0, an aqueous solution of M salt is prepared and         added to the aqueous solution of Fe salt, before bringing into         contact with the “surfactant+oil” mixture;     -   when z≠0 and y=0, an aqueous solution comprising an Fe salt of         one of the anions and an Fe salt of the other anion is prepared,         before bringing into contact with the “surfactant+oil” mixture;     -   when y≠0 and z≠0, a solution comprising at least one iron salt         of one of the anions and at least one M salt of the other anion         is prepared.

In the two embodiments of the process for the preparation of the materials of the invention, when the desired material is composed of nanoparticles coated with silica, a silyl derivative is added to the reaction medium, before denaturation of the micelle or of the microemulsion (that is to say, before stage d) in the two embodiments described above). Mention may be made, as example of silyl derivative, of tetraethoxysilane, (n-octadecyl)triethoxysilane and (n-octyl)triethoxysilane.

The material in the form of nanoparticles of the present invention is of particular use as thermochromic pigment. By way of example, in the field of plastics technology, the application of a varnish is often carried out in the form of a layer with a thickness of a few microns. The nanoparticles proposed can be incorporated directly into a polymer matrix which will be applied to a substrate in the form of a layer with a thickness of the order of a micrometer, whereas, in the prior art, a preliminary stage in which microparticles of spin transition material are ground is necessary.

The material in the form of nanoparticles according to the invention is in addition of use for data storage. The nanoparticles constitute a true “molecular memory” using the phenomenon of spin transition. A bit of information can thus be stored in each nanoparticle. The perfect transparency of a disk composed of a polymer matrix built with these bistable nanoparticles makes it possible to envisage applications in the field of bulk data storage (holography).

The significant modification in color (that is to say of the absorption spectrum) associated with the phenomenon of spin transition is reflected by a change in the refractive index of the material between the low spin state and the high spin state. The respective refractive indices of the two states can be adjusted in order to render the medium transparent when the molecules are in the HS state. At high optical energy, the photo-induced effects can bring about switching from the HS state to the LS state and can thus bring about a variation in the refractive index. The initially transparent medium then becomes opaque. This phenomenon makes possible the use of the nanoparticles in the field of optical limiters and also as optical gate for data storage.

Nanoparticles of a material having a magnetic response which changes with temperature from a diamagnetic form (LS state) to a paramagnetic form (HS state) can be used for the preparation of heat-sensitive contrast agents for thermotherapy methods. The nanoparticles, positioned in situ, would make it possible to monitor the crossing of a temperature threshold, such as that which distinguishes healthy cells from cancer cells. This is because the magnetic resonance image (MRI) of a medium comprising the nanoparticles is normal in the case of the nanoparticles in the diamagnetic low spin state and highly distorted in the case of a paramagnetic high spin state.

The present invention is described in more detail with the help of the following examples, which are given by way of illustration and to which the invention is, of course, not limited.

EXAMPLE 1

A material was prepared by an inverse emulsion synthesis according to the following procedure.

The addition is carried out, to a round-bottomed flask A comprising m₁ g of an iron(II) salt and m₂ g of ascorbic acid, of m₃ g of water.

The addition is carried out, to a round-bottomed flask B comprising m₄ g of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (NH₂Trz), of m₃ g of water.

The compounds are dissolved in the two round-bottomed flasks by mechanical stirring in a water bath at 50° C. Subsequently, m₅ g of surfactant (Lauropal 205 or Ifralan D205 or Tergitol, which act both as surfactant and as oily phase) are added.

The round-bottomed flasks A and B are subsequently subjected to mixing using a vortex mixer, which generates vigorous mechanical stirring favorable for the formation of micelles. The two reverse micelles thus obtained are thermodynamically stable for several minutes. The contents of the round-bottomed flask B are rapidly added to the contents of the round-bottomed flask A and then the combined mixture is subjected to mixing using a vortex mixer for several minutes in order to promote micelle exchange.

The particles are finally obtained by addition of diethyl ether, which has the effect of denaturing the reverse micelle. The diethyl ether dissolves the surfactant and not the complex formed. After centrifuging and removing the liquid phase, the washing operation is repeated an additional 3 to 4 times until the supernatant liquid is perfectly clear.

The specific conditions under which several samples were prepared are summarized in table 1.

TABLE 1 Round-bottomed flask A Round-bottomed flask B Sample Fe(II) salt Water Ascorbic acid Surfactant Ligand Water Surfactant 1 m₁ m₃ m₂ m₅ m₄ m₃ m₅ 2 FeBr₂ 0.8 g 0.03 g Ifralan NH₂Trz 0.8 g Ifralan 0.23 g 4.2 g 0.27 g 4.2 g 3 FeCl₂ 0.8 g 0.03 g Ifralan NH₂Trz 0.8 g Ifralan 0.21 g 4.2 g 0.27 g 4.2 g 4 Fe(BF₄)₂ 0.8 g 0.03 g Ifralan NH₂Trz 0.8 g Ifralan 0.36 g 4.5 g 0.27 g 4.5 g 5 Fe(NO₃)₂** 0.03 g Ifralan NH₂Trz 2.3 g Ifralan 2.3 ml 8.9 g 0.27 g 8.9 g **Fe(NO₃)₂, (salt not commercially available) is obtained in solution in water by mixing an aqueous FeSO₄ solution (1.485 g in 2.5 ml) comprising ascorbic acid with an aqueous Ba(NO₃)₂ solution (1.4 g in 7 ml), followed by removal of the BaSO₄ precipitate by filtration. A volume of this solution is withdrawn in order to prepare the Fe(NH₂Trz)₃(NO₃)₂ nanoparticles.

TEM images of the [Fe(NH₂Trz)₃](Br)₂ complex nanoparticles obtained in tests No. 1 are represented in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. The images of FIGS. 1 and 2 show a very uniform structuring of the nanoparticles in the spherical form. This structure results from the fact that the synthetic reaction is confined to nanodroplets. The size of the particles is of the order of 100 nm, which typically corresponds to a value of 300 for w in the formula (I). The transparency of a polymer doped with nanometric particles is demonstrated in FIG. 3.

By way of comparison, a complex was prepared according to the process of the prior art, starting from the same precursors. The precursors were mixed at ambient temperature and a precipitate formed was separated by filtration. TEM images of the precipitate obtained are represented in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the spin transition particles synthesized by the process of the prior art do not have uniform structuring. The grains are nonuniform and have a size of the order of 60 μm. The opaqueness generated by the introduction of micrometric particles (even in small proportions) into a structuring polymer (of PVA type) which is originally transparent is shown in FIG. 6.

EXAMPLE 2

A material was prepared by a microemulsion synthesis under the following conditions.

0.648 ml of a 0.5M solution of FeBr₂ in water was prepared and then this solution was added to a solution of 1.6 g of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) in 46 ml of n-heptane. The mixture thus obtained was subjected to ultrasound until a clear solution was obtained.

0.648 ml of a 1.5M solution of NH₂Trz in water was prepared and then this solution was added to a solution of 1.6 g of AOT in 46 ml of n-heptane. The mixture thus obtained was subjected to ultrasound until a clear solution was obtained.

The two clear solutions were subsequently mixed and this new mixture was subjected to ultrasound until a clear final solution was obtained. Analyses by light scattering showed particles of the order of 3 nm, which typically corresponds to a value of 9 for w in the formula (I). The clear solution is pink in the low spin state and white in the high spin state. This reversible modification in the color from pink to white by a change in the temperature demonstrates that the spin transition phenomenon occurs on the scale of the nanomaterial in situ.

The particles are finally obtained by addition of ethanol, the effect of which is to denature the inverse microemulsion. The ethanol dissolves the surfactant and not the complex formed. After centrifuging and removing the liquid phase, the washing operation is repeated 3 to 4 times until the supernatant liquid is perfectly clear.

EXAMPLE 3

Nanoparticles were prepared starting from an Fe precursor and an M precursor by an inverse emulsion synthesis under the conditions of test No. 3 given in table 1, 0.116 g of FeCl₂ and 0.124 g of ZnCl₂, in place of 0.21 g of FeCl₂, being introduced into the round-bottomed flask A. Nanoparticles formed by the Fe_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cl₂ complex were obtained. The size of the particles is of the order of 100 nm, i.e. typically a w of 300.

EXAMPLE 4

The procedure of example 2 was repeated, the FeBr₂ solution being replaced with an FeCl₂ and ZnCl₂ solution. Nanoparticles formed by the Fe_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Cl₂ complex were obtained. The size of the particles is of the order of 100 nm, i.e. typically a w of 300.

EXAMPLE 5

The procedure of example 1 was repeated under the following conditions, Fe(BF₄)₂ being dissolved in the Fe(NO₃)₂ solution.

Round-bottomed flask A Round-bottomed flask B Fe(II) salt Water Ascorbic acid Surfactant Ligand Water Surfactant m₁ m₃ m₂ m₅ m₄ m₃ m₅ Fe(NO₃)_(1.7)(BF₄)_(0.3) 0.03 g Ifralan NH₂Trz 1.96 g Ifralan Fe(NO₃) 1.96 ml 8.5 g 0.27 g 8.5 g Fe(BF₄)₂ 0.054 g

Nanoparticles of an [Fe(NH₂TrZ)₃(NO₃)_(1.7)(BF₄)_(0.3)] complex were obtained. The size of the particles is of the order of 100 nm, i.e. typically a w of 300.

The change in the signal for reflectivity R as a function of the temperature T for the complex of the present example (curve b) and for the material with the same formula obtained by conventional synthesis (curve a) is shown in FIG. 7.

EXAMPLE 6

A material was prepared with a silica coating by a reverse micelle synthesis according to the procedure of example 1 carried out with the precursor FeBr₂. The difference from example 1 lies in the fact that, after having mixed the two micelle solutions and stirred using a vortex mixer for a few minutes, 2 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were added.

The change in the reflectivity R as a function of the temperature T for the derivative Fe(NH₂Trz)₃(NO₃)₂ synthesized by the conventional route (a), by the reverse micelle route (b) (test No. 2 in table 1) and by the reverse micelle route with silica coating (c) is shown in FIG. 8. The TEM image of a silica coating around a spin transition nanoparticle is represented in FIG. 9. This silica shell, with a size of a few nanometers, is reflected by a diffuse coating around the particle.

EXAMPLE 7

A solution of m₁ g of FeBr₂ in 0.342 g of water and a solution of 0.8 g of AOT in 23 ml of n-heptane were prepared, then the two solutions were mixed and the mixture thus obtained was subjected to ultrasound until a clear solution was obtained, this solution being referred to as solution A.

A solution of m₂ g of NH₂Trz in 0.342 g of water and a solution of 0.8 g of AOT in 23 ml of n-heptane were prepared, then the two solutions were mixed and the mixture thus obtained was subjected to ultrasound until a clear solution was obtained, this solution being referred to as solution B.

Solutions A and B were subsequently mixed and this new mixture was subjected to ultrasound until a clear final solution was obtained. The particles were obtained according to the procedure of example 2, by addition of and washing with ethanol.

The respective amounts m₁ and m₂ used for the samples are given in the table below.

Sample m₁ m₂ 7(1) 0.035 0.054 7(2) 0.058 0.081 7(3) 0.081 0.108

The change in the magnetic signal, expressed as product χ_(M)T, respectively for samples 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) is shown in FIGS. 10 a, b and c. The molar magnetic susceptibility χ_(M), in cm³mol⁻¹, multiplied by the temperature T in degrees K, is given on the ordinate and the temperature T in degrees K is given on the abscissa, for the materials for which w=3, 5 and 7. The curves confirm the presence of a gradual spin transition for the three nanomaterials about 300 K. They also show that the magnetic value at 350 K is in accordance with the product χ_(M)T expected for a complex comprising, in the HS state, respectively 3 Fe(II) atoms (W=3) for the sample 7(1), 5 Fe(II) atoms (w=5) for the sample 7(2) and 7 Fe(II) atoms (w=7) for the sample 7(3), thus confirming the formula of the complex. If the distance of the bonds involved in these complexes is taken into account, the size of the nanoparticles w=3 is 1 nm, w=5 is 2 nm and w=7 is 3 nm. The expanded formulae for the samples 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) respectively are represented in FIGS. 11 a, b and c.

The materials obtained correspond to the formula (I) in which y=0, x=1, z=0 and L is NH₂Trz, that is to say to the formula

[(FeL₃)_(w)L₃][X₂]_(w)

The size of the particles Φ (in nm), the corresponding value of w and the theoretical magnetic value at 350 K χ_(M)T (in cm³mol⁻¹K) are given in the following table.

Sample Φ w χ_(M)T 7(1) 1 3 9 7(2) 2 5 15 7(3) 3 9 21

The expanded formula of each of the materials constituting the samples 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) is represented in FIG. 11. 

1. A material composed of nanometric particles comprising a compound corresponding to the formula: [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w) in which: L represents a 1,2,4-triazole ligand carrying an R substituent on the nitrogen in the 4 position; X is an anion having the valency x, 1≦x≦2; Y is an anion other than X having the valency x′, 1≦x′≦2; R is an alkyl group or an R¹R²N— group in which R¹ and R² represent, each independently of the other, H or an alkyl radical; M is a metal having a 3d⁴, 3d⁵, 3d⁶ or 3d⁷ configuration, other than Fe; 0≦y≦1; 0≦z≦2; 3≦w≦1500.
 2. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles have a mean diameter between 1 nm and 500 nm.
 3. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or R is an R¹R²N— group in which R¹ and R² represent, independently of one another, H or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the anions X and Y represents, independently of the other, a monovalent anion selected from the group consisting of BF₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ or a divalent anion selected from the group consisting of SO₄ ²⁻ and CO₃ ²⁻.
 6. The material as claimed in claim 1, corresponding to the formula Fe(L)₃(X_(2/x))₂ or to the formula Fe_(1-y)M_(y)(L)₃(X_(2/x))₂.
 7. (canceled)
 8. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein M represents Zn, Mn, Ni or Co.
 9. The material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the complex nanoparticles are coated with a silica film.
 10. A process for the preparation of a material as claimed in claim 1, wherein a solution of Fe(II) salt and optionally of a precursor of the metal M in a solvent or a mixture of solvents is mixed with a solution of ligand L in a solvent or a mixture of solvents.
 11. The process as claimed in claim 10, comprises comprising the following stages: a) preparation of an emulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition, with vigorous stirring, of a composition of oil possessing surfactant properties type to an aqueous solution of at least one iron salt comprising ascorbic acid; b) preparation of an emulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition, with vigorous stirring, of a composition of oil possessing surfactant properties type to an aqueous solution of a ligand; c) mixing the two emulsions, followed by further vigorous stirring, for a time of 1 to 10 min; d) precipitation of the nanoparticles by addition of a solvent which does not modify the structure of the nanoparticles but which denatures the emulsion; e) extraction of the precipitate by several “washing with said solvent/centrifuging” cycles, followed by evaporation of said solvent.
 12. The process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the composition of the oil possessing surfactant properties type is a composition obtained by addition of a surfactant to an oil or a single product having both surfactant properties and oil properties.
 13. The process as claimed in claim 10, comprising the following stages: a. preparation of a microemulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition of an aqueous solution of at least one iron salt to a solution of a surfactant in an oil (n-heptane, for example) and subjecting to ultrasound until a clear solution is obtained; b. preparation of a microemulsion of the water-in-oil type by addition of an aqueous solution of ligand to a solution of a surfactant in an oil and subjecting to ultrasound until a clear solution is obtained; c. mixing the two microemulsions and treating the mixture with ultrasound until a clear solution is obtained; d. precipitation of the nanoparticles by addition of a solvent which does not modify the structure of the nanoparticles but which denatures the emulsion.
 14. The process as claimed in claim 11 for the preparation of a material composed of nanoparticles of a compound [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w) in which y≠0 and z=0, wherein an aqueous solution of M salt is prepared and added to the aqueous solution of Fe salt, before bringing into contact with the “surfactant+oil” mixture.
 15. The process as claimed in claim 11 for the preparation of a material composed of nanoparticles of a compound [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w) in which z≠0 and y=0, wherein an aqueous solution comprising an Fe salt of one of the anions and an Fe salt of the other anion is prepared, before bringing into contact with the “surfactant+oil” mixture.
 16. The process as claimed in claim 11 for the preparation of a material composed of nanoparticles of a compound [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w) in which y≠0 and z≠0, wherein a solution comprising at least one iron salt of one of the anions and at least one M salt of the other anion is prepared.
 17. The process as claimed in claim 11 for the preparation of a material composed of nanoparticles of a compound [(Fe_(1-y)M_(y)L₃)_(w)L₃][X_(2/x(1-z/x′))Y_(2z/x′)]_(w) in which the nanoparticles are coated with silica, wherein a silyl derivative is added to the reaction medium before stage d).
 18. The process as claimed in claim 17, wherein the silyl derivative is tetraethoxysilane, (n-octadecyl)triethoxysilane or (n-octyl)triethoxysilane.
 19. The use of a material as claimed in claim 1 as thermochromic pigment, as support for data storage, as optical limiters, or as optical gate.
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. A contrast agent for the detection of cancer cells, comprising a material as claimed in claim
 1. 